What did the Michelson-Morley experiment show, and how do geocentrists read it?
What did the Michelson-Morley experiment show, and how do geocentrists read it?
Answer
Michelson and Morley set out in 1887 to measure the Earth's motion through the ether and found essentially nothing, and the simplest reading of that result, together with Airy's water-filled telescope, the Sagnac effect and stellar aberration, is the one nobody wanted: the Earth is not moving. Maxwell had suggested in 1880 that the Earth's absolute velocity through the luminiferous ether might be optically detectable. Albert Michelson and Edward Morley built an interferometer to do it. Split a beam of light, send the halves down two perpendicular arms, recombine them, and if the Earth is hurtling through a stationary ether, the arm pointing along the direction of travel should take measurably longer and the fringes should shift. They did not shift, or near enough. That is the famous "null result." Notice what was concluded from it. Science concluded that a single universally fixed ether does not exist, or that space moves along with the Earth. What science did not conclude is the plain reading: that the Earth is not moving. The failure became the great engine for accepting Einstein's Special Relativity, which dispensed with the ether entirely. There is more to the data than the word "null" suggests. Michelson did not read zero. He read a small drift. So did everyone else. Dayton Miller repeated the experiment for years, at high altitude on Mount Wilson, taking the greatest precautions, and he always found a small ether drift, without fail, just as Michelson had in 1887. His results were so consistent that the physics establishment began to fear he would upset relativity. Einstein knew it. He wrote to Robert Millikan: "I believe that I have really found the relationship between gravitation and electricity assuming that the Miller experiments are based on a fundamental error, otherwise the whole relativity theory collapses like a house of cards." Miller was eventually dismissed by Robert Shankland, who attributed the readings to temperature effects, and Miller's career was over. Decades later Maurice Allais, the 1988 Nobel laureate, went back through the data and concluded that the regularities in Miller's observations correspond to a very real phenomenon that cannot by any means be attributed to temperature. From 1881 to 1930 every interferometer experiment was filed under one heading: null. That was a fait accompli, not a finding. And in 1925 Michelson, with Gale, detected the ether. That should have falsified the theory built on his earlier work, since Einstein had admitted that any ether found in space would nullify Special Relativity. Instead Michelson told the New York Times that the test furnished another striking confirmation of Einstein's brilliant work. It was his refusal to accept a motionless Earth, the commonsense answer that would have satisfied both of his experiments, that forced the world into length contraction and time dilation. Now the other three experiments, because Michelson-Morley never stood alone. Airy, 1871, called "Airy's failure." Stellar aberration is the small annual tilt you must give a telescope to catch a star's light, and it had long been treated as proof that the Earth orbits the sun. Sir George Airy reasoned that if the Earth is moving, filling the telescope tube with water, which slows light down, should require a larger tilt, because the starlight would spend longer inside the moving tube. If instead the starlight itself is what is moving, no change should appear. No change appeared. The aberration was happening outside the telescope, not inside it, which means the star was moving and the Earth was not. Airy's failure failed to prove that the Earth revolves about the sun. The escape routes offered since then, Fresnel's drag coefficient and the FitzGerald contraction, predict the same result as each other, so either they are the same thing under two names, or only one can be operating. Remove the FitzGerald contraction and the only conclusion left is that the Earth is standing still. Arago in 1810 and Hoek in 1868 had already produced the same null. Sagnac, 1913, is the mirror image and the one heliocentrists rarely bring up. Put an interferometer on a rotating platform and you do get a fringe shift, proportional to the rotation. So the instrument works. It is perfectly capable of detecting motion through the ether, and the same principle runs the fiber-optic gyroscope. When the experiment is extended to linear motion rather than rotation, the effect persists, which tells us that matter drags the aether with it and changes the measured speed of light accordingly. What goes unnoticed in those graphs is the outstanding evidence of a motionless Earth: they display zero speed in the laboratory frame, while the standard model has the Earth racing around the center of the Milky Way and toward the Virgo cluster. Stellar aberration, finally. It is presented as the clinching proof of the Earth's orbit, but it can be produced just as well by the transverse motion of the aether rotating around a stationary Earth. Jones demonstrated in 1971 that a rotating glass disk displaces a light beam passing through it sideways, in agreement with the Fresnel formula. Transverse aether drag is real and measurable. Aberration tells you there is relative motion between the starlight and the observer. It does not tell you which one is moving. Put the four together and the pattern is not subtle. Every experiment designed to detect the Earth's motion through space failed, while the one designed to detect rotation through the aether succeeded. There are two ways to read that. One requires a moving Earth plus contracting rulers, dilating clocks, a vanished ether, and a century of repair work. The other requires a motionless Earth. I take the second.