Why did the Old Testament have a female judge, Deborah, if women are not to have authority over men?

First of all, 1 Timothy 2:11 to 14 was written in the New Testament; that is when the law became creedal and mandatory. Not so in the Old Testament. The major rule in the Old Testament was that men rule, and if a woman rules it is an exception, and a temporary one for a good reason. Deborah was one of those exceptions; she was exceptional, and apparently there were no exceptional men in her day, so the people elected her. But that is an exception to the rule, because as you read the Book of Judges the rulers were men, Gideon, Samson, Jephthah. Out of the twelve judges, one was a woman, not the rule but the exception. Paul, however, makes no exceptions in the New Testament, when it became creedal and a moral belief of the church; he did not say there might be an exception here or there, and that is what we would expect between the Old and New Testament.